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Moderator's Note: I had other plans for this page, but believe for now it might best be used as a place to catalog the various references to citations that have been discussed on the wiki. Will do my best to add to this information.
Note: I had included the date and time of each of the items that came from discussions, but that data was force to become an anchor. I assumed that defeats my purpose, but it looks like some of those links take you right to the post ON the discussion.
Indirect evidence Negative evidence Information Snippets Multiple sources-single citation
See also wiki page
Citation Graphics and related page,
Software Citations
---Citation Graphics presents images and related citations for about 20 sources (published books, published town vitals, census, research reports, etc.)
---Software Citations takes the same source (an 1880 U.S. census) through two or more software applications; includes GEDCOM output.
See also wiki page
Citation Mechanics (better known as screenshots for Adrian)
---Citation Mechanics visually overviews the TMG process of building citations using "source elements" ["citation elements"]. Diagrams the difference between approaches taken by "lumpers" and "spitters."
See also wiki page
Citation Specific Fields
--Citation Specific Fields outlines the makeup of the fields used for citation-specific ("assertion-level") input.
See also Wiki page
Repositories-repositories
---Repositories-repositories presents screenshots of application data about repositories.
See also Wiki page
Master Source
---Master Source provides screen shots of the "master source" input from various software applications.
Excel spreadsheet: Zotero field names (elements)
Zotero Fields_alpha_97-04v.xls
Indirect evidence
message/view/GOALS/30536663#30753513
As previously quoted, from _Evidence Explained_, i
ndirect evidence is "relevant information that does not answer the research question all by itself. Rather, it has to be combined with other information to arrive at an answer to the research question."
Below are somewhat straightforward examples of items I consider indirect evidence; both are from my family file [emphasis added]:
1) Tombstone data or death record, as part of the evidence for a question pertaining to a person's date of birth (for the purpose of identification).
"Jones County Death Register #1" (1 Sep 1880 - 11 Nov 1897), transcription by …. ; database, Jones County GenWeb (
http://www.rootsweb. …) as p. 52, entry 621 for Mrs. Thomas, died at … 4 April 1888, age "85y (?)" 13 d, citing FHL film #… ; reports she was born in Michigan; buried … at …; from age at death (as 85 years, 13 days),
compiler calculates estimated date of birth c22 March 1803 using TMG v6 date calculator.
2) Census census data, 1850 to 1870 for example, as part of the evidence for a question pertaining to family relationships.
1850 U.S. Census, Ray County, Missouri, population schedule, no city listed (District 75), sheet 618 (penned), page 310 (printed), dwelling 294, family 284, George F. Carle household, as of 27 Aug 1850; digital image, Ancestry.com (
http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 18 Mar 2007), cites National Archives micropublication M432, roll 412. George is ae 39, born Ohio; his
apparent wife is Elizabeth Carle, ae 32, also born Ohio.
Apparent children are Richard, ae 13, Harriet, ae 10, John, ae 9, Lydia Ann, ae 2; and Elizabeth, ae 2/12, all children born Missouri except the eldest, Richard, said born Ohio.
Negative Evidence
GeneJ
message/view/Evidence+and+Conclusion+Process/35338758?o=20#35779390
Some examples of
negative evidence that take the form of reference notes follow. These extracts were located Board for Certification of Genealogists Work Samples (
http://www.bcgcertification.org/skillbuilders/worksamples.html).
Some formatting was lost in translation :), emphasis added.
From Kay Haviland Freilich, CG, "Was She Really Alice Fling? Righting a Wrong Identity"; published _Quarterly_ 88 (Sept 2000): 225-28: (quoting; some formatting lost in transfer)
X. Chester County Orphans Court—Minors, Seeds, 1758, Chester County Archives. Emphasis added. This file also contains an invoice dated 30 October 1758 for “doctoring Richard Seed.” He obviously died before 1785, given that he is not named in the 1785 or 1797 documents.
X. Doc. 2186, ibid., emphasis added. Chester County’s recorded wills do not include one for Abigail Seeds; and the present writer has found no record of a marriage for her.
From, "Who was the mother of James^2 Paule (1657-1724) of Taunton, Massachusetts?"; published TAG 73 (Oct 1998): 312-15 (quoting; some formatting lost in transfer):
X. Shurtleff and Pulsifer, Plymouth Colony Records, 3:122. See also Wakefield, "Richmond Family [....] The date and place of their marriage is unknown;
it does not appear published in the vital records of Taunton or Newport.
X.
Neither of Hannah Paule's parents is named in the colony's transcript of Hannah's birth record (Shurtelff and Pulsifer, Plymouth Colony Records, 8:69), but that transcript [...]"
X. ... There is
no record of further action in this case; perhaps Hannah's removal to Plymouth ...
From, Roger D. Joslyn, "Rebecca, wife of Thomas^1 Josselyn of Hingham and Lancaster, Massachusetts"; published _Register_ 158 (2004):330-40 (quoting; some formatting lost on transfer):
X. Middlesex County Probate, First Series, 3:238–39; see also Rodgers, Middlesex County Records of Probate [note 4], 626–27.
There are no probate papers for this estate.
X. Ardleigh parish registers, FHL 1,565,698. These two baptisms were discovered by Leslie Mahler of San Jose, California, and sent to Robert C. Anderson, who shared them with the author. Peter C. Nutt also examined a transcript of Ardleigh registers at the Essex Record Office (ERO T/R168/1) but
found no other Joslin baptisms and no Joslin burials.
X. Actually, there are
no Jude/Judd wills for persons from Essex parishes surrounding Radwinter in the time period 1400–1720 (F. G. Emmison, Wills at Chelmsford (Essex and East Herefordshire) [1400–1858], 3 vols. [London: The Index Library (The British Record Society, Limited), vols. 78, 79, 84, 1957–69], 1:239, 2:204–05).
Information snippets
GeneJ
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In my working citations, I include
information snippets. In a more final form (a biography, for example), the citations might appear a little differently. Pretty standard city directory citation in my file:
X. "Massachusetts City Directories," Salem and Beverly City Directory, 1886, p. 99 (Salem), entry for Elisha M. Bevins, fish dealer, 6 Washington sq, house at Beverly; digital images, _Ancestry.com_ (
http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 16 October 2006).
Hypothetical variations for me:
X. "Massachusetts City Directories," Salem and Beverly City Directory, 1886, p. 99 (Salem), entry for
Elisha M. Bevins, fish dealer, 6 Washington sq, house at Beverly; digital images, _Ancestry.com_ (
http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 16 October 2006); his son Elisha M. Bevins, Jr. also listed, also a fish dealer with same locations; ad on page 103 for Bevins & Bevins at 6 Washington, no further information.
X. "Massachusetts City Directories," Salem and Beverly City Directory, 1886, p. 99 (Salem), entry for
Elisha M. Bevins, fish dealer, 6 Washington sq, house at Beverly; digital images, _Ancestry.com_ (
http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 16 October 2006). Separately noted, "Salem Vital Records, 1849-1910" report the death of Elisha M. Bevins 15 November 1885; 1900 U.S. Census reports his widow was still residing at 6 Washington ...
Note: I consider how the source will appear in the source list. For example, if I had volumes of entries from the Ancestry.com collection, "Massachusetts City Directories," I might think it's best to have the sources listed at that collection level. (In the case of census, for examples, my entries are now are organized/listed at the county jurisdiction.) Maybe I only have a couple directories, from different areas, so I just list them separately.
Multiple Sources in a single citation
GeneJ
From Kay Haviland Freilich, CG, "Was She Really Alice Fling? Righting a Wrong Identity"; published _Quarterly_ 88 (Sept 2000): 225-28: (quoting; some formatting may be lost in transfer) - See
BCG Work Samples.
3.
National Genealogy Hall of Fame (Arlington, Virginia: National Genealogical Society pamphlet, annually revised). See also Gilbert Cope obituary, unnamed newspaper dated 18 December 1928, Newspaper Clippings File, Chester County Historical Society
4. Futhey and Cope,
History of Chester County, 550 (Fling), 591 (Seeds). Most records on the family in the 1700s spell the name Seed, but across time the name has been more commonly spelled with a final “s”. The plural form will be used consistently in this paper, unless quoting directly.
Alice probably married the Hugh McNamee who was paid a day’s wages in Chester County in 1756 (see Buffington-Marshall Papers, Chester County Historical Society), before moving to Hagerstown, Maryland. There, on 9 August 1800, Alice McNamee and Job McNamee signed an administrator’s bond for the estate of Hugh McNamee, deceased; see Washington County, Administrators Bonds, A: 22, available as Family History Library microfilm 0,014,662.
9. Chester County Orphans Court—Minors, Seeds, 1758, Chester County Archives. ... This file also contains an invoice dated 30 October 1758 for “doctoring Richard Seed.” He obviously died before 1785, given that he is not named in the 1785 or 1797 documents.
10. Edward Seeds Will, proved 7 October 1754, Probate File 1549, Chester County Archives. The other unidentified child may be Francis Seeds who is cited as “absconded” on the Chester County Tax Discount List, 1765, Chester County Archives.
11. The papers were part of the Gilbert Cope Collection, originally housed at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. According to employees of the local society, county residents often turned over to Cope papers they found in attics, basements, etc., because of his well-known interest in the area’s history.
From, Thomas W. Jones, Ph.D., CG, CGL,
Merging Identities Properly: Jonathan Tucker Demonstrates the Technique,
National Genealogical Society Quarterly 88 (June 2000): 111-21. See
BCG Work Samples.
6. Letter, Ebn L. Tucker, Hartland, New York, to J. E . Heath, Pension and Bounty Commissioner, 25 April 1851; in Jonathan Tucker file, no. S42525,
Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files; microcopy M804 (Washington: National Archives and Records Administration [NARA]), roll 2420. Ebenezer’s death record—the only other document that identifies his parents—cites them only as Jonathan and Abigail Tucker; see Van Buren County, Michigan, Record of Deaths B:189, County Clerk’s Office, Paw Paw.
7. 1800 U.S. census, Cayuga County, New York, town of Aurelius, p. 706; NARA microcopy T32, roll 28. 1810 U.S. census, Cayuga County, town of Aurelius, village of Auburn, p. 38; NARA T252, roll 31. 1820 U.S. census, Cayuga County, p. 28; NARA T33, roll 68.
13. “Deaths, 1816–1824, from
Auburn Gazette and
Cayuga Republican, both Published Wednesdays in Auburn, New York,”
Tree Talks 7 (September 1967): 132, provides a transcription of Jonathan’s death notice from the
Cayuga Republican, 17 July 1822. The same death date is reported by Jonathan’s son, referring to a family Bible, in his 1851 letter to the pension office.
14.
The Cayuga Republican, on 17 July 1822, reported that Jonathan died at the age of 60 years. In his own affidavit of 6 July 1820, Jonathan testified that he was “aged 58 years.”
15. Jonathan Tucker, Private, New Hampshire Second Regiment, roll 519 (18 cards); New Hampshire Second (Tash’s) Regiment, roll 523 (one card); New Hampshire Third Regiment, roll 531 (fourteen cards); New Hampshire, Kelley’s Regiment, roll 545 (two cards); all in
Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army during the Revolutionary War, NARA microcopy M881. The thirty-fifth card extracts a muster and payroll dated 23 October 1776 for officers and soldiers of New Hampshire’s Second Regiment who were joining the Continental Army in New York. The date is too early to be Jonathan of Cayuga, and the service that Jonathan reported in his pension application does not match.
1. In scholarly genealogical literature, authors regularly correct same-name—same-person errors made elsewhere by other authors. See, for example, Margaret R. Amundson, “Rebutting Direct Evidence with Indirect Evidence: The Identity of Sarah (Taliaferro) Lewis of Virginia,”
NGS Quarterly 87 (September 1999): 217–40; and David Kendall Martin, “Two Samuel and Hannah Hutchinses of Massachusetts and Maine,”
The American Genealogist [TAG] 73 (July 1998): 172–75.
2. Helen F. M. Leary, “Is This the Same Man or Another One with the Same Name?” (lecture, NGS annual conference, Denver, May 1998), audiocassette recording available as DEN98-F144 (Hobart, Indiana: Repeat Performance, 1998), with printed matter of the same title published in
Rocky Mountain Rendezvous: National Genealogical Society, 1998 Conference in the States, Program Syllabus (Arlington Virginia: NGS, 1998): 354–57; and Elizabeth Shown Mills, “The Identity Crisis: Right Name, Wrong Man? Wrong Name, Right Man?” (lecture, NGS annual conference, Valley Forge, audiocasette recording available as VFP-F135 (Hobart, Indiana: Repeat Performance, 1997), with printed matter of the same title published in Pennsylvania,
Cradle of a Nation: National Genealogical Society, 1997 Conference in the States, Program Syllabus (Arlington: NGS, 1997), 315–17.
5. See, for example, two articles by the present author: “Howerton to Overton: Documenting a Name Change,”
NGS Quarterly 78 (September 1990): 169–81, which shows that the identities of seemingly separate men, John Howerton and John Overton, are one and the same; and “A Name Switch and a Double Dose of Joneses: Weighing Evidence to Identify Charles R. Jones,”
NGS Quarterly 84 (March 1996): 5–16, which provides evidence to merge the identities of Charles R. Jones of Jackson County, Florida, and Robert Jones of Caroline County, Virginia, amid details that seemingly conflict. For examples of proof cases in which ancestors used multiple surnames with no visible or audible similarity, see Diane Renner Walsh, “One Family, Two Surnames: The Hunt Alias Malloy Family of Illinois and Missouri,”
NGS Quarterly 86 (June 1998): 94– 115; and Elizabeth Shown Mills, “The Search for Margaret Ball: Building Steps over a Brick-Wall Research Problem,”
NGS Quarterly 77 (March 1989): 43–65.
http://bettergedcom.wikispaces.com/About+Citations#Multiple
Multiple sources in a single reference note is discussed in another area of the wiki.
See http://bettergedcom.wikispaces.com/message/view/Defining+E%26C+for+BetterGEDCOM/39811352
(1) If you view the entry for "source of the source" as a second source, then its possible quite a large group of my reference notes refer to more than one source.
(2) During the research process, if it adds value directly to the understanding/interpretation of the originally cited source, I add additional sources to the reference note. See the example of the citation for the marriage of William and Aseanath.
http://bettergedcom.wikispaces.com/Examples#William%20and%20Asenath%20get%20married
(3) Similarly, two sources can be almost co-dependent, so I will put both sources in the same reference note. Consider the reference note that reports results from TMG date calculator based on age at death inscribed on a tombstone.
http://bettergedcom.wikispaces.com/About+Citations#Indirect
(4) I comment about negative evidence in the same place the corresponding evidence appears, so my negative evidence is often added to a reference note as a second source.
(5) In the research phase/working file, I often have several different reference notes pointing to a single pfact. My software allows me to prioritize the listing of those multiple reference notes--I can keep the reference note about my best evidence on top. (See no. 6)
(6) (See no. 5) In a final presentation, say I was publishing a book, I'd want just one note reference (the number element) in a single spot. If my working file had two final notes referring to the same bit of data, I'd merge/concatenate those remaining two notes into one note. See Evidence Explained (2007), p. 51 and Chicago Manual of Style online, section 14.23 and 14.62.
Hope this helps. --GJ